| Package | Description | 
|---|---|
| java.io | 
 Provides for system input and output through data streams,
serialization and the file system. 
 | 
| java.nio.channels | 
 Defines channels, which represent connections to entities that are capable of
 performing I/O operations, such as files and sockets; defines selectors, for
 multiplexed, non-blocking I/O operations. 
 | 
| java.nio.file | 
 Defines interfaces and classes for the Java virtual machine to access files,
 file attributes, and file systems. 
 | 
| java.nio.file.spi | 
 Service-provider classes for the  
java.nio.file package. | 
| java.util | 
 Contains the collections framework, legacy collection classes, event model,
date and time facilities, internationalization, and miscellaneous utility
classes (a string tokenizer, a random-number generator, and a bit array). 
 | 
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description | 
|---|---|
Path | 
File.toPath()
Returns a  
java.nio.file.Path object constructed from the
 this abstract path. | 
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description | 
|---|---|
static AsynchronousFileChannel | 
AsynchronousFileChannel.open(Path file,
    OpenOption... options)
Opens or creates a file for reading and/or writing, returning an
 asynchronous file channel to access the file. 
 | 
static FileChannel | 
FileChannel.open(Path path,
    OpenOption... options)
Opens or creates a file, returning a file channel to access the file. 
 | 
static AsynchronousFileChannel | 
AsynchronousFileChannel.open(Path file,
    Set<? extends OpenOption> options,
    ExecutorService executor,
    FileAttribute<?>... attrs)
Opens or creates a file for reading and/or writing, returning an
 asynchronous file channel to access the file. 
 | 
static FileChannel | 
FileChannel.open(Path path,
    Set<? extends OpenOption> options,
    FileAttribute<?>... attrs)
Opens or creates a file, returning a file channel to access the file. 
 | 
| Modifier and Type | Field and Description | 
|---|---|
static WatchEvent.Kind<Path> | 
StandardWatchEventKinds.ENTRY_CREATE
Directory entry created. 
 | 
static WatchEvent.Kind<Path> | 
StandardWatchEventKinds.ENTRY_DELETE
Directory entry deleted. 
 | 
static WatchEvent.Kind<Path> | 
StandardWatchEventKinds.ENTRY_MODIFY
Directory entry modified. 
 | 
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description | 
|---|---|
static Path | 
Files.copy(Path source,
    Path target,
    CopyOption... options)
Copy a file to a target file. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.createDirectories(Path dir,
                 FileAttribute<?>... attrs)
Creates a directory by creating all nonexistent parent directories first. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.createDirectory(Path dir,
               FileAttribute<?>... attrs)
Creates a new directory. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.createFile(Path path,
          FileAttribute<?>... attrs)
Creates a new and empty file, failing if the file already exists. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.createLink(Path link,
          Path existing)
Creates a new link (directory entry) for an existing file (optional
 operation). 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.createSymbolicLink(Path link,
                  Path target,
                  FileAttribute<?>... attrs)
Creates a symbolic link to a target (optional operation). 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.createTempDirectory(Path dir,
                   String prefix,
                   FileAttribute<?>... attrs)
Creates a new directory in the specified directory, using the given
 prefix to generate its name. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.createTempDirectory(String prefix,
                   FileAttribute<?>... attrs)
Creates a new directory in the default temporary-file directory, using
 the given prefix to generate its name. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.createTempFile(Path dir,
              String prefix,
              String suffix,
              FileAttribute<?>... attrs)
Creates a new empty file in the specified directory, using the given
 prefix and suffix strings to generate its name. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.createTempFile(String prefix,
              String suffix,
              FileAttribute<?>... attrs)
Creates an empty file in the default temporary-file directory, using
 the given prefix and suffix to generate its name. 
 | 
static Path | 
Paths.get(String first,
   String... more)
Converts a path string, or a sequence of strings that when joined form
 a path string, to a  
Path. | 
static Path | 
Paths.get(URI uri)
Converts the given URI to a  
Path object. | 
Path | 
Path.getFileName()
Returns the name of the file or directory denoted by this path as a
  
Path object. | 
Path | 
Path.getName(int index)
Returns a name element of this path as a  
Path object. | 
Path | 
Path.getParent()
Returns the parent path, or  
null if this path does not
 have a parent. | 
abstract Path | 
FileSystem.getPath(String first,
       String... more)
Converts a path string, or a sequence of strings that when joined form
 a path string, to a  
Path. | 
Path | 
Path.getRoot()
Returns the root component of this path as a  
Path object,
 or null if this path does not have a root component. | 
static Path | 
Files.move(Path source,
    Path target,
    CopyOption... options)
Move or rename a file to a target file. 
 | 
Path | 
Path.normalize()
Returns a path that is this path with redundant name elements eliminated. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.readSymbolicLink(Path link)
Reads the target of a symbolic link (optional operation). 
 | 
Path | 
Path.relativize(Path other)
Constructs a relative path between this path and a given path. 
 | 
Path | 
Path.resolve(Path other)
Resolve the given path against this path. 
 | 
Path | 
Path.resolve(String other)
Converts a given path string to a  
Path and resolves it against
 this Path in exactly the manner specified by the resolve method. | 
Path | 
Path.resolveSibling(Path other)
Resolves the given path against this path's  
parent
 path. | 
Path | 
Path.resolveSibling(String other)
Converts a given path string to a  
Path and resolves it against
 this path's parent path in exactly the manner
 specified by the resolveSibling method. | 
static Path | 
Files.setAttribute(Path path,
            String attribute,
            Object value,
            LinkOption... options)
Sets the value of a file attribute. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.setLastModifiedTime(Path path,
                   FileTime time)
Updates a file's last modified time attribute. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.setOwner(Path path,
        UserPrincipal owner)
Updates the file owner. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.setPosixFilePermissions(Path path,
                       Set<PosixFilePermission> perms)
Sets a file's POSIX permissions. 
 | 
Path | 
Path.subpath(int beginIndex,
       int endIndex)
Returns a relative  
Path that is a subsequence of the name
 elements of this path. | 
Path | 
Path.toAbsolutePath()
Returns a  
Path object representing the absolute path of this
 path. | 
Path | 
Path.toRealPath(LinkOption... options)
Returns the real path of an existing file. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.walkFileTree(Path start,
            FileVisitor<? super Path> visitor)
Walks a file tree. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.walkFileTree(Path start,
            Set<FileVisitOption> options,
            int maxDepth,
            FileVisitor<? super Path> visitor)
Walks a file tree. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.write(Path path,
     byte[] bytes,
     OpenOption... options)
Writes bytes to a file. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.write(Path path,
     Iterable<? extends CharSequence> lines,
     Charset cs,
     OpenOption... options)
Write lines of text to a file. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.write(Path path,
     Iterable<? extends CharSequence> lines,
     OpenOption... options)
Write lines of text to a file. 
 | 
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description | 
|---|---|
static Stream<Path> | 
Files.find(Path start,
    int maxDepth,
    BiPredicate<Path,BasicFileAttributes> matcher,
    FileVisitOption... options)
Return a  
Stream that is lazily populated with Path by searching for files in a file tree rooted at a given starting
 file. | 
abstract Iterable<Path> | 
FileSystem.getRootDirectories()
Returns an object to iterate over the paths of the root directories. 
 | 
Iterator<Path> | 
Path.iterator()
Returns an iterator over the name elements of this path. 
 | 
static Stream<Path> | 
Files.list(Path dir)
Return a lazily populated  
Stream, the elements of
 which are the entries in the directory. | 
static DirectoryStream<Path> | 
Files.newDirectoryStream(Path dir)
Opens a directory, returning a  
DirectoryStream to iterate over
 all entries in the directory. | 
static DirectoryStream<Path> | 
Files.newDirectoryStream(Path dir,
                  DirectoryStream.Filter<? super Path> filter)
Opens a directory, returning a  
DirectoryStream to iterate over
 the entries in the directory. | 
static DirectoryStream<Path> | 
Files.newDirectoryStream(Path dir,
                  String glob)
Opens a directory, returning a  
DirectoryStream to iterate over
 the entries in the directory. | 
static Stream<Path> | 
Files.walk(Path start,
    FileVisitOption... options)
Return a  
Stream that is lazily populated with Path by walking the file tree rooted at a given starting file. | 
static Stream<Path> | 
Files.walk(Path start,
    int maxDepth,
    FileVisitOption... options)
Return a  
Stream that is lazily populated with Path by walking the file tree rooted at a given starting file. | 
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description | 
|---|---|
int | 
Path.compareTo(Path other)
Compares two abstract paths lexicographically. 
 | 
static long | 
Files.copy(InputStream in,
    Path target,
    CopyOption... options)
Copies all bytes from an input stream to a file. 
 | 
static long | 
Files.copy(Path source,
    OutputStream out)
Copies all bytes from a file to an output stream. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.copy(Path source,
    Path target,
    CopyOption... options)
Copy a file to a target file. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.createDirectories(Path dir,
                 FileAttribute<?>... attrs)
Creates a directory by creating all nonexistent parent directories first. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.createDirectory(Path dir,
               FileAttribute<?>... attrs)
Creates a new directory. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.createFile(Path path,
          FileAttribute<?>... attrs)
Creates a new and empty file, failing if the file already exists. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.createLink(Path link,
          Path existing)
Creates a new link (directory entry) for an existing file (optional
 operation). 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.createSymbolicLink(Path link,
                  Path target,
                  FileAttribute<?>... attrs)
Creates a symbolic link to a target (optional operation). 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.createTempDirectory(Path dir,
                   String prefix,
                   FileAttribute<?>... attrs)
Creates a new directory in the specified directory, using the given
 prefix to generate its name. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.createTempFile(Path dir,
              String prefix,
              String suffix,
              FileAttribute<?>... attrs)
Creates a new empty file in the specified directory, using the given
 prefix and suffix strings to generate its name. 
 | 
static void | 
Files.delete(Path path)
Deletes a file. 
 | 
static boolean | 
Files.deleteIfExists(Path path)
Deletes a file if it exists. 
 | 
boolean | 
Path.endsWith(Path other)
Tests if this path ends with the given path. 
 | 
static boolean | 
Files.exists(Path path,
      LinkOption... options)
Tests whether a file exists. 
 | 
static Stream<Path> | 
Files.find(Path start,
    int maxDepth,
    BiPredicate<Path,BasicFileAttributes> matcher,
    FileVisitOption... options)
Return a  
Stream that is lazily populated with Path by searching for files in a file tree rooted at a given starting
 file. | 
static Object | 
Files.getAttribute(Path path,
            String attribute,
            LinkOption... options)
Reads the value of a file attribute. 
 | 
static <V extends FileAttributeView> | 
Files.getFileAttributeView(Path path,
                    Class<V> type,
                    LinkOption... options)
Returns a file attribute view of a given type. 
 | 
static FileStore | 
Files.getFileStore(Path path)
Returns the  
FileStore representing the file store where a file
 is located. | 
static FileTime | 
Files.getLastModifiedTime(Path path,
                   LinkOption... options)
Returns a file's last modified time. 
 | 
static UserPrincipal | 
Files.getOwner(Path path,
        LinkOption... options)
Returns the owner of a file. 
 | 
static Set<PosixFilePermission> | 
Files.getPosixFilePermissions(Path path,
                       LinkOption... options)
Returns a file's POSIX file permissions. 
 | 
static boolean | 
Files.isDirectory(Path path,
           LinkOption... options)
Tests whether a file is a directory. 
 | 
static boolean | 
Files.isExecutable(Path path)
Tests whether a file is executable. 
 | 
static boolean | 
Files.isHidden(Path path)
Tells whether or not a file is considered hidden. 
 | 
static boolean | 
Files.isReadable(Path path)
Tests whether a file is readable. 
 | 
static boolean | 
Files.isRegularFile(Path path,
             LinkOption... options)
Tests whether a file is a regular file with opaque content. 
 | 
static boolean | 
Files.isSameFile(Path path,
          Path path2)
Tests if two paths locate the same file. 
 | 
static boolean | 
Files.isSymbolicLink(Path path)
Tests whether a file is a symbolic link. 
 | 
static boolean | 
Files.isWritable(Path path)
Tests whether a file is writable. 
 | 
static Stream<String> | 
Files.lines(Path path)
Read all lines from a file as a  
Stream. | 
static Stream<String> | 
Files.lines(Path path,
     Charset cs)
Read all lines from a file as a  
Stream. | 
static Stream<Path> | 
Files.list(Path dir)
Return a lazily populated  
Stream, the elements of
 which are the entries in the directory. | 
boolean | 
PathMatcher.matches(Path path)
Tells if given path matches this matcher's pattern. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.move(Path source,
    Path target,
    CopyOption... options)
Move or rename a file to a target file. 
 | 
static BufferedReader | 
Files.newBufferedReader(Path path)
Opens a file for reading, returning a  
BufferedReader to read text
 from the file in an efficient manner. | 
static BufferedReader | 
Files.newBufferedReader(Path path,
                 Charset cs)
Opens a file for reading, returning a  
BufferedReader that may be
 used to read text from the file in an efficient manner. | 
static BufferedWriter | 
Files.newBufferedWriter(Path path,
                 Charset cs,
                 OpenOption... options)
Opens or creates a file for writing, returning a  
BufferedWriter
 that may be used to write text to the file in an efficient manner. | 
static BufferedWriter | 
Files.newBufferedWriter(Path path,
                 OpenOption... options)
Opens or creates a file for writing, returning a  
BufferedWriter
 to write text to the file in an efficient manner. | 
static SeekableByteChannel | 
Files.newByteChannel(Path path,
              OpenOption... options)
Opens or creates a file, returning a seekable byte channel to access the
 file. 
 | 
static SeekableByteChannel | 
Files.newByteChannel(Path path,
              Set<? extends OpenOption> options,
              FileAttribute<?>... attrs)
Opens or creates a file, returning a seekable byte channel to access the
 file. 
 | 
static DirectoryStream<Path> | 
Files.newDirectoryStream(Path dir)
Opens a directory, returning a  
DirectoryStream to iterate over
 all entries in the directory. | 
static DirectoryStream<Path> | 
Files.newDirectoryStream(Path dir,
                  DirectoryStream.Filter<? super Path> filter)
Opens a directory, returning a  
DirectoryStream to iterate over
 the entries in the directory. | 
static DirectoryStream<Path> | 
Files.newDirectoryStream(Path dir,
                  String glob)
Opens a directory, returning a  
DirectoryStream to iterate over
 the entries in the directory. | 
static FileSystem | 
FileSystems.newFileSystem(Path path,
             ClassLoader loader)
Constructs a new  
FileSystem to access the contents of a file as a
 file system. | 
static InputStream | 
Files.newInputStream(Path path,
              OpenOption... options)
Opens a file, returning an input stream to read from the file. 
 | 
static OutputStream | 
Files.newOutputStream(Path path,
               OpenOption... options)
Opens or creates a file, returning an output stream that may be used to
 write bytes to the file. 
 | 
static boolean | 
Files.notExists(Path path,
         LinkOption... options)
Tests whether the file located by this path does not exist. 
 | 
static String | 
Files.probeContentType(Path path)
Probes the content type of a file. 
 | 
static byte[] | 
Files.readAllBytes(Path path)
Reads all the bytes from a file. 
 | 
static List<String> | 
Files.readAllLines(Path path)
Read all lines from a file. 
 | 
static List<String> | 
Files.readAllLines(Path path,
            Charset cs)
Read all lines from a file. 
 | 
static <A extends BasicFileAttributes> | 
Files.readAttributes(Path path,
              Class<A> type,
              LinkOption... options)
Reads a file's attributes as a bulk operation. 
 | 
static Map<String,Object> | 
Files.readAttributes(Path path,
              String attributes,
              LinkOption... options)
Reads a set of file attributes as a bulk operation. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.readSymbolicLink(Path link)
Reads the target of a symbolic link (optional operation). 
 | 
Path | 
Path.relativize(Path other)
Constructs a relative path between this path and a given path. 
 | 
Path | 
Path.resolve(Path other)
Resolve the given path against this path. 
 | 
Path | 
Path.resolveSibling(Path other)
Resolves the given path against this path's  
parent
 path. | 
static Path | 
Files.setAttribute(Path path,
            String attribute,
            Object value,
            LinkOption... options)
Sets the value of a file attribute. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.setLastModifiedTime(Path path,
                   FileTime time)
Updates a file's last modified time attribute. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.setOwner(Path path,
        UserPrincipal owner)
Updates the file owner. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.setPosixFilePermissions(Path path,
                       Set<PosixFilePermission> perms)
Sets a file's POSIX permissions. 
 | 
static long | 
Files.size(Path path)
Returns the size of a file (in bytes). 
 | 
boolean | 
Path.startsWith(Path other)
Tests if this path starts with the given path. 
 | 
static Stream<Path> | 
Files.walk(Path start,
    FileVisitOption... options)
Return a  
Stream that is lazily populated with Path by walking the file tree rooted at a given starting file. | 
static Stream<Path> | 
Files.walk(Path start,
    int maxDepth,
    FileVisitOption... options)
Return a  
Stream that is lazily populated with Path by walking the file tree rooted at a given starting file. | 
static Path | 
Files.walkFileTree(Path start,
            FileVisitor<? super Path> visitor)
Walks a file tree. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.walkFileTree(Path start,
            Set<FileVisitOption> options,
            int maxDepth,
            FileVisitor<? super Path> visitor)
Walks a file tree. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.write(Path path,
     byte[] bytes,
     OpenOption... options)
Writes bytes to a file. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.write(Path path,
     Iterable<? extends CharSequence> lines,
     Charset cs,
     OpenOption... options)
Write lines of text to a file. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.write(Path path,
     Iterable<? extends CharSequence> lines,
     OpenOption... options)
Write lines of text to a file. 
 | 
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description | 
|---|---|
static Stream<Path> | 
Files.find(Path start,
    int maxDepth,
    BiPredicate<Path,BasicFileAttributes> matcher,
    FileVisitOption... options)
Return a  
Stream that is lazily populated with Path by searching for files in a file tree rooted at a given starting
 file. | 
static DirectoryStream<Path> | 
Files.newDirectoryStream(Path dir,
                  DirectoryStream.Filter<? super Path> filter)
Opens a directory, returning a  
DirectoryStream to iterate over
 the entries in the directory. | 
static Path | 
Files.walkFileTree(Path start,
            FileVisitor<? super Path> visitor)
Walks a file tree. 
 | 
static Path | 
Files.walkFileTree(Path start,
            Set<FileVisitOption> options,
            int maxDepth,
            FileVisitor<? super Path> visitor)
Walks a file tree. 
 | 
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description | 
|---|---|
abstract Path | 
FileSystemProvider.getPath(URI uri)
Return a  
Path object by converting the given URI. | 
Path | 
FileSystemProvider.readSymbolicLink(Path link)
Reads the target of a symbolic link. 
 | 
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description | 
|---|---|
abstract DirectoryStream<Path> | 
FileSystemProvider.newDirectoryStream(Path dir,
                  DirectoryStream.Filter<? super Path> filter)
Opens a directory, returning a  
DirectoryStream to iterate over
 the entries in the directory. | 
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description | 
|---|---|
abstract void | 
FileSystemProvider.checkAccess(Path path,
           AccessMode... modes)
Checks the existence, and optionally the accessibility, of a file. 
 | 
abstract void | 
FileSystemProvider.copy(Path source,
    Path target,
    CopyOption... options)
Copy a file to a target file. 
 | 
abstract void | 
FileSystemProvider.createDirectory(Path dir,
               FileAttribute<?>... attrs)
Creates a new directory. 
 | 
void | 
FileSystemProvider.createLink(Path link,
          Path existing)
Creates a new link (directory entry) for an existing file. 
 | 
void | 
FileSystemProvider.createSymbolicLink(Path link,
                  Path target,
                  FileAttribute<?>... attrs)
Creates a symbolic link to a target. 
 | 
abstract void | 
FileSystemProvider.delete(Path path)
Deletes a file. 
 | 
boolean | 
FileSystemProvider.deleteIfExists(Path path)
Deletes a file if it exists. 
 | 
abstract <V extends FileAttributeView> | 
FileSystemProvider.getFileAttributeView(Path path,
                    Class<V> type,
                    LinkOption... options)
Returns a file attribute view of a given type. 
 | 
abstract FileStore | 
FileSystemProvider.getFileStore(Path path)
Returns the  
FileStore representing the file store where a file
 is located. | 
abstract boolean | 
FileSystemProvider.isHidden(Path path)
Tells whether or not a file is considered hidden. 
 | 
abstract boolean | 
FileSystemProvider.isSameFile(Path path,
          Path path2)
Tests if two paths locate the same file. 
 | 
abstract void | 
FileSystemProvider.move(Path source,
    Path target,
    CopyOption... options)
Move or rename a file to a target file. 
 | 
AsynchronousFileChannel | 
FileSystemProvider.newAsynchronousFileChannel(Path path,
                          Set<? extends OpenOption> options,
                          ExecutorService executor,
                          FileAttribute<?>... attrs)
Opens or creates a file for reading and/or writing, returning an
 asynchronous file channel to access the file. 
 | 
abstract SeekableByteChannel | 
FileSystemProvider.newByteChannel(Path path,
              Set<? extends OpenOption> options,
              FileAttribute<?>... attrs)
Opens or creates a file, returning a seekable byte channel to access the
 file. 
 | 
abstract DirectoryStream<Path> | 
FileSystemProvider.newDirectoryStream(Path dir,
                  DirectoryStream.Filter<? super Path> filter)
Opens a directory, returning a  
DirectoryStream to iterate over
 the entries in the directory. | 
FileChannel | 
FileSystemProvider.newFileChannel(Path path,
              Set<? extends OpenOption> options,
              FileAttribute<?>... attrs)
Opens or creates a file for reading and/or writing, returning a file
 channel to access the file. 
 | 
FileSystem | 
FileSystemProvider.newFileSystem(Path path,
             Map<String,?> env)
Constructs a new  
FileSystem to access the contents of a file as a
 file system. | 
InputStream | 
FileSystemProvider.newInputStream(Path path,
              OpenOption... options)
Opens a file, returning an input stream to read from the file. 
 | 
OutputStream | 
FileSystemProvider.newOutputStream(Path path,
               OpenOption... options)
Opens or creates a file, returning an output stream that may be used to
 write bytes to the file. 
 | 
abstract String | 
FileTypeDetector.probeContentType(Path path)
Probes the given file to guess its content type. 
 | 
abstract <A extends BasicFileAttributes> | 
FileSystemProvider.readAttributes(Path path,
              Class<A> type,
              LinkOption... options)
Reads a file's attributes as a bulk operation. 
 | 
abstract Map<String,Object> | 
FileSystemProvider.readAttributes(Path path,
              String attributes,
              LinkOption... options)
Reads a set of file attributes as a bulk operation. 
 | 
Path | 
FileSystemProvider.readSymbolicLink(Path link)
Reads the target of a symbolic link. 
 | 
abstract void | 
FileSystemProvider.setAttribute(Path path,
            String attribute,
            Object value,
            LinkOption... options)
Sets the value of a file attribute. 
 | 
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description | 
|---|---|
abstract DirectoryStream<Path> | 
FileSystemProvider.newDirectoryStream(Path dir,
                  DirectoryStream.Filter<? super Path> filter)
Opens a directory, returning a  
DirectoryStream to iterate over
 the entries in the directory. | 
| Constructor and Description | 
|---|
Scanner(Path source)
Constructs a new  
Scanner that produces values scanned
 from the specified file. | 
Scanner(Path source,
       String charsetName)
Constructs a new  
Scanner that produces values scanned
 from the specified file. | 
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